containerisation with Docker, secrets management, pipeline automation with Azure DevOps, networking and load balancing, relational and non-relational databases, developing production-grade backend services using Python, asynchronous programming frameworks, cloud provisioning frameworks such as Terraform or CloudFormation, infrastructure-as-code, LLM API gateway technologies, container orchestration such as ECS Fargate, identity and access management technologies, observability and monitoring tools, multi-provider integration across major cloud AI platforms